Tag Archives: beer tourism

Brewing in Small Town America

The United States is a very urban society. Approximately 83% of Americans live in urban areas, up from 64% in 1950. More than 300 urban areas in the U.S. have populations greater than 100,000. I live in one of them – the city of Toledo, OH has a population of ~271,000, while the Toledo Metropolitan Area has a population of ~641,000. The largest city in the country is New York City, with a population of ~8.4 million.

Not surprisingly, most of America’s craft breweries are to be found in urban areas. Some calculations that I did for a 2018 paper that I wrote estimated that 72% of America’s craft breweries are located in metropolitan areas with populations of at least 250,000, while 16.2% of America’s craft breweries are located in just ten metropolitan areas. Brewing beer, it appears, is a big city business.

But what about brewing in small-town and rural America? I recently started thinking about that question after a Zoom conversation I had with Nicki Werner, Co-Founder and Brewer at Jefferson Beer Supply, in Jefferson, SD. Jefferson Beer Supply is a brewery in planning; it is not open and operational yet; but should be by the summer of 2021. Nicki was preparing a presentation to be made to the city council and loan approval board. She had been following my blog for some months and was reaching out to see if I could help her craft some arguments about the beneficial impact of craft breweries on small towns. Jefferson does not have a craft brewery – hardly surprising given that it has a population of 622. However, the addition of a craft brewery to the Jefferson landscape will mirror what is happening in other small towns and rural communities across America. Between 2013 and 2018 the number of breweries located in places with a population under 2,500 grew by 129%.

Nicki Werner, co-founder of Jefferson Beer Supply in Jefferson, SD

Just as craft breweries can breathe new life into urban neighborhoods, they can do the same for smaller communities. In Valentine, NE (population 2,706) Bolo Beer Co. is contributing to a renewed sense of economic vitality. Other examples of craft breweries playing a similar role in their communities are Hand of Fate Brewing in Petersburg, IL (population 2,214) and Driftless Brewing Company in Soldier Grove, WI (population 541).

Rural communities face a number of socio-economic challenges. According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, rural communities, compared to their urban counterparts, “have less internet access, fewer educational institutions, see more hospitals close and experience less economic growth.” In the past, many rural communities could depend on agriculture for their economic well-being. That is no longer the case, however. And it has been that way for some time. A 1999 report by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis noted that, “agriculture is no longer the anchor of the rural economy”. In many rural economies manufacturing is the dominant income generator . . . if policymakers want to help shape the economic future of all of rural America, they must engage a much broader range of issues and economic engines.”

Now I am not naive enough to think that craft breweries are the answer to the socio-economic challenges facing rural and small-town America. But having a successful craft brewery in town can surely do no harm. In the aforementioned Valentine, NE the Bolo Brewing Company has become a place for the community to gather – or what the urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg called a Third Place. Third Places play a critical role in human societies. There is research that suggests that Third Places can combat loneliness while also strengthening community cohesion. In research conducted with colleagues, the highly regarded British Anthropologist Robin Dunbar provides evidence which suggests that enjoying a beer with friends provides us with “the single most important buffer against mental and physical illness”.

While many craft breweries function as Third Places in America’s large urban areas, Jeff Alworth believes that their importance as community gathering places “may even be stronger in smaller communities. Little towns are often underserved with regard to cool places to hang out. When they open up shop, they provide much-needed social hubs . . . They’re not only a nice place to spend an evening, but serve as venues for events like meetings, weddings, and even children’s birthday parties.” Nicki Werner of Jefferson Beer Supply shared her brewery’s business plan with me. One of Nicki’s goals for her brewery is to create “a tasting room and experience that offers a family oriented gathering space for our community.” As the business plan notes, “there are no family oriented spaces in Jefferson and very little in the surrounding areas, which offer primarily dive bars with casino machines, no children’s menus, and focus primarily on one demographic.” A family-oriented craft brewery would be a tremendous asset to Jefferson, SD. In Valentine, NE local resident Whitney Mayhew describes the taproom of the Bolo Beer Company as a “community gathering place”.

Craft breweries can also attract tourists to a small town. Beer Tourism is “a thing” and is becoming more popular every year. According to the Brewers Association, in the United States, 1.6 percent of craft-beer drinkers take 10-plus trips annually to visit breweries more than two hours from their home. Attracting tourists is critical to the success of small-town breweries as it lessens their dependence upon local residents. I recently co-edited a book with two Italian colleagues that explored how craft beer tourism, wine tourism, and agritourism can make a positive contribution to the economies of geographically peripheral areas. Last year (about 6 weeks before Covid-19 resulted in lockdowns) I gave the keynote presentation at the Beer Marketing and Tourism Conference in St. Petersburg, FL. One of the things I highlighted in my presentation is that craft beer tourists have above average incomes and, as a result, have a fair amount of disposable income to spend. A challenge facing craft breweries in small towns is that they often exist in geographic isolation – in other words, they are the only brewery in town. This contrasts with larger cities where we see the emergence of brewery districts, providing beer tourists with the opportunity to visit three of four breweries, often on foot, within the space of an afternoon or evening. Craft breweries in small towns can utilize a number of strategies to overcome their geographic isolation. For example, they can collaborate with other breweries as part of an Ale Trail. This literally puts them on the map and they become one of the suggested stops for Ale Trail participants. An excellent example of an Ale Trail in is the Finger Lakes Beer Trail in New York State. The trail, which includes both larger cities and smaller towns, comprises over 75 craft breweries, tap houses and brewing-affiliated businesses across an area spanning over 200 miles.

Craft beer tourism can benefit geographically peripheral areas
Larger cities, such as Bakersfield, CA, often have brewery districts
The Finger Lakes Beer Trail in New York spans over 200 miles

Another strategy is to collaborate with other attractions in their region. Marketing a larger geographic region and its multiple attractions is a smart approach for smaller communities. Greenbriar Valley in West Virginia is an excellent example of a rural area that does an excellent job of promoting the area’s 80+ attractions, including Greenbriar Valley Brewing Company in the town of Lewisburg (population 3,897). If a small town is located in an agricultural region, it may be possible to develop a tourism industry around agritourism. The National Law Agricultural Center sees agritourism as the “crossroads of tourism and agriculture” and defines it as “a form of commercial enterprise that links agricultural production and/or processing with tourism in order to attract visitors onto a farm, ranch, or other agricultural business for the purposes of entertaining and/or educating the visitors and generating income for the farm, ranch, or business owner.“ Example of agritourism include pumpkin picking patches, U-Pick operations, demonstration farms, cut-your-own Christmas tree farms, and petting and feeding zoos. As craft breweries are utilizing agricultural crops (hops and barley primarily) it is hardly a stretch to include them within a region’s agritourism attractions. A brewery in a small town where opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, kayaking, and camping exist may want to utilize these assets in attracting beer tourists.

The arrival of a craft brewery in a small town can also be the catalyst for additional development. The opening of Hand of Fate Brewing in Petersburg, IL (population, 2,226) in May 2017 had a beneficial impact on the small community. According to one observer:

“After just a year, the small brewery has brought good fortune to the town. After taking over an old Dollar General discount store in the sparsely occupied town square, the brewery-and-taproom has become a community hub and a catalyst keeping businesses open later. It’s encouraged others—including two new boutiques—to open shop, and drawn visitors from across the region. “

Neil Gurnsey, Assistant Vice President of the National Bank of Petersburg, noted that after the brewery opened, “life was just injected into the square”.

Finally, because a brewery is in a small town does not mean that it has an inexperienced brewer and does not produce great beer. Nicki Werner, the Brewers at Jefferson Beer Supply, has a wealth of brewing experience. Prior to relocating to a Jefferson Nicki worked in the brewing industry for six years at three different breweries in three different states.  She learned to brew at Brenner Brewing, a midsized production brewery in Milwaukee, WI. After Brenner, she took a job brewing for Left Hand Brewing company in Longmont, CO. In 2019 she moved to South Dakota to be near family and worked as a brewer at Fernson Brewing Company (the state’s largest brewery) in Sioux Falls, SD. Nicki also received a scholarship from the Pink Boots Society and spent time in Bavaria, Germany visiting breweries and learning about brewing methods. Chris Hernstrom, brewer at the aforementioned Bolo Beer Co. in Valentine, NE, cut his teeth as a brewer in the craft beer mecca of Bend, OR, before moving to Nebraska. Yes, many small town brewers come with an impressive pedigree.

Further Reading:

Dunbar, Robin I. M., Jacques Launay, Rafael Wlodarski, Cole Robertson, Eiluned Pearce, James Carney, and Pádraig MacCarron. 2017. Functional Benefits of (Modest) Alcohol Consumption. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 3:118–133.

Pezzi, Maria Giulia, Alessandra Faggian, and Neil Reid (eds.). 2021. Agritourism, Wine Tourism, and Craft Beer Tourism: Local Responses to Peripherality Through Tourism Niches. New York: Routledge, 264pp.

Understanding Beer Tourists

During the month of February I gave two presentations on the topic of beer tourism. The first was at the Beer Marketing and Tourism Conference in St. Petersburg, FL, while the second was at the Nebraska Agritourism and Adventure Travel Workshop in Nebraska City, NE. Beer tourism is a topic I wrote about in a previous blog entry in 2017. In June, I will be traveling to Fort Myers, FL to make a presentation on the same topic to interested stakeholders in that community. There is no question that interest in beer tourism is growing. Tourism officials and others in a myriad of places are recognizing that beer tourism represents an opportunity to bring new dollars into their communities. There have been a small number of studies that estimate the economic impact of beer tourism. A 2019 study of the nearly 94,000 beer tourists who visited Kent County, MI (home of Grand Rapids) estimated their economic impact to be $38.5 million. The 2017 Oregon Brewer Festival, which was held in Portland, OR had an economic impact of $23.9 million. Finally, the 2018 release of Pliny the Younger by Russian River Brewery had an economic impact of $3.36 million on Sonoma County, CA.

Thanks to these studies, and a number of others undertaken by academics, we actually know quite a bit about beer tourists – their demographic profile, travel preferences, and travel patterns. We know, for example, that somewhere between 60 and 66% of beer tourists are male, 75-84% are under the age of fifty, 60-80% have at least a Bachelor’s degree, and 40-45% live in households whose annual income exceeds $80,000. In short beer tourists tend to be male, young, well-educated, and are economically well-off.

We also know that beer tourists do not stray far from home. Seventy-five percent of the beer tourists who visit Kent County, MI live in the state of Michigan, while 83% of those traveling to Santa Rosa, CA for the 2016 Pliny the Younger Release were from the state of California. Not only do most beer tourists travel short distances, they also visit a destination for a couple of days – 95% of the beer tourists who visit Kent County, MI do so for two nights or less. Indeed, the average length of stay in Kent County was 1.6 nights, while those who traveled to Santa Rosa, CA for the Pliny the Younger Release in 2019 stayed for an average of 1.8 nights. Perhaps not surprisingly, beer tourists travel in small groups of between two and four people (think a couple or two couples, traveling together).

Research by Jennifer Kraftchick and her colleagues at the University of North Carolina in Greensboro suggests that the primary reason why craft beer drinkers visit breweries in other towns and states is to taste craft beer in the breweries where it is brewed. Visiting a craft brewery in another community often provides the craft beer drinker the opportunity to taste beer that is unavailable in their home town. This is consistent with other research which suggests that craft beer drinkers like to travel from brewery to brewery tasting the beer and enjoying the unique ambience of each brewery.

The aforementioned characteristics of beer tourists are insightful for towns and cities looking to market their communities to beer tourists. For example, I advise communities to focus their marketing efforts to a 150 mile radius. Depending on the community the number of people living within a 150 mile radius can be quite large. For example, there are 18.7 million people within a 150 mile radius of the city I live in, Toledo, OH. I also suggest targeting short-stay tourists, promoting their community (and their breweries) as an ideal ‘weekend getaway’. If a community has a brewery district, I suggest marketing it – emphasizing the ease of moving from one brewery to another (e.g., on foot, by bicycle, or by Uber). Identifying, and making the potential beer tourist aware of complimentary activities is also a good idea. Beer tourists travel with spouses, partners, and friends – some of whom may not be beer drinkers. So providing information on, for example, wineries is smart marketing. Or perhaps your community has a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities such as hiking or kayaking – if that is the case, then think about ways to cross-market breweries with these activities.

Having attracted tourists to your community, it would be nice if they enjoyed themselves so much that they decide to return at a future date. Kent County, MI has been particularly successful at getting beer tourists to return for repeat visits. Sixty percent of beer tourists surveyed as part of the Kent County, MI study indicated that they had visited Kent County at least once during the previous twelve months. A return visit by a beer tourist indicates that the previous visit had been an enjoyable experience. So having your community’s breweries put their best foot forward and showing visitors a good time is critical. The same goes for other places (e.g. hotels, restaurants, museums, etc.) that beer tourists may visit. Remember, most beer tourists who visit your community live within a couple of hours drive – give them a reason to return, and they will.

Beer tourism is growing in popularity. More and more communities are embracing it. At the Beer Marketing and Tourism Conference that I attended last month in St. Petersburg, FL, there were representatives from a number of Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) in attendance. I chatted with a number of them over the three days of the conference. There is no question that the DMOs I chatted with appreciate the benefits that beer tourism can bring to their communities.

Focus marketing efforts on potential beer tourists living with a 150 mile radius of your community
Source: Statsamerica.com
Market your community to beer tourists as a weekend getaway
Source: Los Angeles Times, January 9, 2020
If your community has a brewery district, market it
Source: The Californian, November 9, 2018
Market complementary activities such as wineries

Further Reading:

Benton, Cristina and Sara Bowers. 2019. The Economic Impact of Beer Tourism in Kent County. East Lansing, MI: Anderson Economic Group, LLC.

Kraftchick, Jennifer Francioni, Erick T. Byrd, Bonnie Canziani, and Nancy J. Gladwell. 2014. Understanding beer tourist motivation. Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 12, pp. 41-47.

Overlooked Neighborhoods

Recently, I came across an interesting article on the website ozy.com. It was titled Overlooked Neighborhoods: Little-known Gems in Well-Known Cities. The premise of the article was pretty straightforward. When we visit a city, we tend to keep to well-trodden paths. These can be restaurants we have read about in guidebooks, museums that are on everyone’s must-visit list, or a green space such as a famous park.

But dare to look beyond the tourist traps and our own comfort zone, and we will see that every city has lesser-known neighborhoods that are worth spending time in. This particular article identifies seven such neighborhoods:

It is is an interesting list, albeit a little U.S.-centric. What I found particularly intriguing about the descriptions of these seven neighborhoods is that beer is mentioned as a key part of the urban fabric in four of them (Abasto, Bridgeport, Brevnov, and Over-the-Rhine). In the cases of Abasto, Bridgeport, and Over-the-Rhine, craft beer bars and breweries, in particular, are mentioned, while in the Břevnov neighborhood of Prague, the monks at the monastery there first brewed beer in the year 993. This makes it the earliest record of beer being brewed in the Czech Republic. In a completely separate piece on Pittsburgh’s overlooked neighborhoods, Kelly Abrogast, shines the spotlight on the city’s Troy Hill neighborhood. According to Abrogast, Troy Hill is Home to “some of the best beer you’ve ever had”. Troy Hill is home to Penn Brewery.

Rhinegeist Brewery in Cincinnati’s Over-the-Rhine neighborhood

The fact that craft beer (whether in the form of craft beer bars or craft breweries) are considered a key contributor to interesting and vibrant neighborhoods does not surprise me in the slightest. In a 2016 piece in The Atlantic, James Fallows identified eleven signs that a city will succeed – one of those signs was the existence of at least one craft brewery. As noted by Fallows, “a town that has craft breweries also has a certain kind of entrepreneur, and a critical mass of mainly young (except for me) customers.” As Fallows correctly notes, craft breweries are a magnet for young people. As market research has demonstrated, it is the Millennial cohort who are driving the growth of the craft beer sector. A craft brewery or craft beer bar in a neighborhood attracts young people, not just from the immediate neighborhood, but from other parts of the city, and even farther afield. Beer tourism is increasingly popular, and craft beer drinkers visiting cities search out those neighborhoods with craft breweries and craft beer bars. A craft brewery opening up in a neighborhood is akin to putting up a welcome sign. It is saying to people, come check us out. This neighborhood is ok; good things are happening. In some cases, such as the Ohio City neighborhood in Cleveland, OH or the Lower Downtown (LoDo) neighborhood in Denver, CO, craft breweries (Great Lakes Brewing Company and Wynkoop Brewing Company respectively) were pioneer investors who kick-started the redevelopment of these respective neighborhoods. In other cases, such as the Pearl District in Portland, OR or the North Davidson (NoDa) neighborhood in Charlotte, NC the craft breweries and craft beer bars have followed other investment into the neighborhood. Whatever the sequencing of investments, many of these neighborhoods have had new life breathed into them.

Great Lakes Brewing Company was the catalyst for the redevelopment of Cleveland’s Ohio City neighborhood

According to Denver Public Library, “back in the 1980s, Lower Downtown Denver was what we called “a little sketchy” – a lot of places were boarded up, and ones that were open were populated by the underground crowd, drifters, punk rockers and late nighters. Today, the bustling restaurant – sports bar – brew pub district looks like the Seattle or Portland we all longed for, with a huge variety of food choices both native and exotic, all kinds of great beer, espresso, chocolate, and other delicacies, and a wide array of clothing and accessory stores, art galleries, and high-end lofts.”

Back in 2016, I spent a few days in Stockholm, Sweden. While there I visited the Nya Carnegie Bryggeret (New Carnegie Brewery). The brewery is in an old lightbulb factory in the Hammarby Sjöstad neighborhood. In the early 1990s, Hammarby Sjöstad was a run-down, polluted industrial and residential neighborhood that was considered unsafe by outsiders. By the time I visited it in 2016, it had underwent a remarkable transformation. As a result of significant investment, it was an attractive neighborhood with apartments, shops, offices and, yes, a brewery.

The Nya Carnegie Bryggeret (New Carnegie Brewery) in Stockholm’s HammarbySjöstad neighborhood is in an old lightbulbg factory

The example of Nya Carnegie Bryggeret shows that craft breweries often thrive in overlooked neighborhoods, but they can also succeed in overlooked buildings. Through the process of adaptive reuse, craft brewery entrepreneurs will take an old abandoned church, fire station, automobile dealership etc. and turn it into a vibrant craft brewery. Craft brewery entrepreneurs are attracted to distressed neighborhoods because real estate is often relatively inexpensive.

Some people living in an overlooked neighborhood, may like it that way. So they may not necessarily welcome a new brewery and other investment and the visitors that they attract. Rising property values may force long-standing residents out of the neighborhood. Along with my colleagues, Jay Gatrell and Matthew Lehnert, I write about this in an upcoming book chapter. The chapter looks at the historical evolution of Cincinnati’s Over-the- Rhine neighborhood. Despite once being dubbed the most dangerous neighborhood in the United States, residents of Over-the-Rhine had for decades been suspicious of outsiders and the change they sought to bring to the neighborhood. This suspicion manifest itself in the Over-the-Rhine Peoples’ Movement who fought against gentrification of their neighborhood. In the end, their cause was a lost one and millions of investment dollars later Over-the-Rhine is very much a changed and more vibrant neighborhood.

Further Reading:

Reid, Neil. Craft breweries, Adaptive reuse, and neighborhood revitalization, Urban Development Issues, Volume 57, Issue 1, pp. 5–14.

Reid, Neil, Jay D. Gatrell, and Matthew Lehnert. Leveraging brewing history: The case of Cincinnati’s Over-the-Rhine Neighborhood”. In Thakur, Rajiv, Ashok K. Dutt, Sudhir K. Thakur, and George Pomeroy (Eds). Urban and Regional Planning and Development: 20th Century Forms and 21st Century Transformations, Springer: Dordrecht (forthcoming).

Reid, Neil and Isabelle Nilsson. From mill district to brewery district: Craft beer and the revitalization of Charlotte’s NoDa neighborhood. Invited chapter for inclusion in Beer Places: The Micro-Geographies of Craft Beer, by Daina Cheyenne Harvey, Ellis Jones, and Nate Chapman (Eds).

Bed and Brew

With the growing popularity of craft beer we have witnessed a concomitant increase in beer-related tourism. This is a topic I have written about in a previous blog entry. Most beer tourism involves short two or three day getaways, usually to a town or city where there are enough breweries to keep the beer drinker happy for a couple of afternoons and/or evenings. Beer tourism can be big business and can bring significant sums of money into a local economy. For example, a study by Grand Valley State University estimated the economic impact of beer tourism on Kent County, MI to be in excess of $12 million. Much of this impact was due to the fact that Kent County is home to the city of Grand Rapids, one of the premier craft beer producing cities in the United States. The study found that the 42,000 beer tourists who visited Kent County during the spring and summer of 2015 accounted for fourteen thousand hotel nights at an average cost of $148 per night.

While most beer tourists stay at a hotel in close proximity to the breweries they plan to visit, in a few cases it is possible to stay in a hotel or other lodgings owned by the brewery. Perhaps, the best known example of a brewery hotel is the DogHouse Hotel. Touted as the “world’s first craft beer hotel”, the DogHouse is located on the grounds of the BrewDog Brewery just outside of Columbus, OH. The hotel has thirty-two themed rooms, with draft beer on tap in each. Given that the DogHouse Hotel is only a couple of hours from where I live, you might think that I have stayed there already, but I have not. It is on my ‘to do’ list, however. Another well known brewery that owns a hotel is Dogfish Head. Their sixteen-room hotel (the Dogfish Inn) in Lewis, DE is a short twenty-minute drive from the Dogfish Head Brewery in Rehoboth Beach, DE. Unlike the DogHouse Hotel, the Dogfish Inn does not offer beer on-site – the idea is to get visitors to visit bars and restaurants in the surrounding community.

While I still have to make it to the DogHouse Hotel, I did recently have the opportunity to stay onsite at another brewery – The Inn at Springfield Manor in Thurmont, MD. My wife and I were visiting Maryland and Virginia to celebrate a family birthday and my wife’s step-father, knowing of my love of beer, booked us a room at the aforementioned inn. The Inn is situated on a beautiful 130 acre estate. But there is more to the estate than the Inn. On site, they brew beer, distill spirits, and ferment wine – something for everyone, as it were. The Inn has eight rooms. We stayed in The Edelweiss Suite, named after one of the types of lavender grown in the Inn’s lavender fields.

The Inn at Springfield Manor, where we stayed two nights.
The view from the front steps of the Inn at Springfield Manor.
Our complimentary flights of four sangria and four beers.
My flight of four beers.

We arrived at the Inn late afternoon. After checking into our accommodation we headed to the outside bar area. As part of our room package, we received a complimentary flight of drinks. My wife opted for a flight of four sangrias, while I went for a flight of four beers. While the bar offers small plates to munch on, more substantive fare can be purchased from the food truck that is on duty. That evening’s food truck specialized in grilled cheese sandwiches, so I had a very tasty grilled cheese and pulled pork sandwich for dinner. As the evening wore on, the outside bar got increasingly busy. Given the limited number of rooms available at the Inn, most of the folks enjoying the craft beer/spirits/wine were either locals or tourists staying in other accommodation.

We had a wonderful two-night stay at the Inn at Springfield Manor. The setting was idyllic, the service was friendly and attentive, and the craft beer was tasty. Following our stay at the Inn, we got into our car and headed to our final destination. Chincoteague Island, VA, where we were meeting up with family from Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Texas. On our way there, we stopped for lunch at RAR Brewery in Cambridge, MD. Later in the day, after checking into our hotel in Chincoteague, we headed to Black Narrows Brewing Company for a late afternoon beer. Overall a great trip – quality time with family and a few breweries thrown in for good measure.

We had lunch at RAR Brewing in Cambridge, MD
Enjoying a late afternoon beer at Black Narrows Brewing Comp[any in Chincoteague Island, VA.

How Many Breweries?

Every now and then, I come across a headline that raises the question as to whether we are reaching saturation point with respect to the number of craft breweries that we have in the United States. Very often, the question is asked with regard to a particular Continue reading How Many Breweries?

Beer Tourism

Last week I was in Manchester, VT. I had been invited there by Paul Connor, who is Director of Planning and Zoning for the City of South Burlington. Paul had organized a panel discussion at the Fall Conference of the Northern New England Chapter of the American Planning Association. The panel was titled “Brewing Up A Continue reading Beer Tourism

Beer-Oriented Development

A few weeks ago a colleague from Bowling Green State University sent me an e-mail. He was interested in getting together to explore the possibility of engaging in some collaborative research around the beer industry. Russ told me that his interest was in beer-oriented development (BOD). It was not a term with which I was familiar. But that’s why we have Google, right? The term appears to have been coined by  Continue reading Beer-Oriented Development